The objective of the project will be to: better understand input and labour costs of different orchard growing systems to improve efficiency of production, better understand the influence of terroir on Australian grown fruit to promote provenance and improve competition against foreign imports of juice concentrate, and reduce waste of unmarketable fruit through creating opportunities for value adding fruit for cider production. This project aligns with the Horticulture Innovation Australia Strategic Investment Plan 2017-2021 for apples.